Water curbs: a tale of rich and poor
Most water management devices installed in poor areas
The City of Cape Town has installed about 250,000 Water Management Devices designed to curb household water use. But most of them — at least 64% — have been installed in poor communities, not in affluent homes where water restrictions are being flouted.
Water Management Devices are a key part of the City’s water demand management strategy. These devices are installed in place of a traditional water meter and can be programmed to shut off water supply after a daily allocation has been used.
Mayco Member for Informal Settlements, Water and Waste Services Councillor Xanthea Limberg says the devices are installed by the City under three programmes:
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The “indigent water leaks project”.
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A programme targeting high-consumption households that was launched last year.
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Water meter replacement. The City’s policy is to eventually replace all water meters in Cape Town with these devices.
About 250,000 devices have been installed across Cape Town to date, says Limberg. Of these, 160,000 devices have been installed as part of the “indigent water leaks project”. Under this programme, the City offers to do a once-off fix of any leaks on the property and write off any accumulated water debt on condition that a device is installed. Generally, a daily Free Basic Water allocation of 350 litres per household is provided. The water supply is cut off after the allocation is used up. Exceeding current water restrictions now also triggers the cut-off mechanism.
The plan was aimed at addressing two related issues: extensive leaks and high, practically un-payable, water bills due to the leaks, to inherited debt from previous owners, or to many people using a single household’s water.
Limberg says this programme “is to the benefit of residents as it includes fixing of household leaks on the City’s account as well as writing off of any accumulated debt. Also, she says, “these devices protect households from the impact of undetected leaks which result in large water bills and significant wastage”.
But critics of the programme say while the devices safeguard municipal revenue and decrease the volume of water lost to leaks, they threaten poor residents’ water security.
GroundUp Spoke to Thabo Lusithi of the Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG), an NGO promoting sustainable solutions to environmental issues. EMG is a part of the Western Cape Water Caucus and has published a report on water demand management in Cape Town.
Lusithi says that the rollout of these devices in Cape Town’s poor communities was not transparent and those affected were not properly consulted.
Asked what kind of public participation had taken place before the initial rollout, Limberg said “households that are offered the device do receive education and awareness”.
The installation of the devices for the leaks programme is supposed to be voluntary, with contractors needing written consent before installation, but residents have complained that this is not always the case. Lusithi says that the lack of transparency has caused people to “hate the devices” and mistrust the City. Using Makhaza as a case study, the EMG report on these devices raised several problems with the City’s approach:
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Pre-rollout engagement and education was inadequate.
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The devices were locked under opaque lids, leaving residents unable to see their meter reading.
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Slow response to reports of faulty devices left people without running water for days.
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Leaks tended to re-occur after the once-off fix provided by the City and the devices themselves also leaked.
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Often large numbers of people used a single household’s water allocation and this was not adequately catered for.
The report says the devices effectively shift the burden of recurrent leaks onto poor people, who generally have neither the skills to repair them nor the money to hire private plumbers. When leaks reoccur, the daily allocation of 350 litres is quickly used up, in some cases before residents wake up in the morning.
Lusithi also says residents feel that if they approach municipal offices they will have to choose between accepting a device and being hounded to pay their large bills. In early 2012, EMG worked with Prevention in Action to survey 50 Makhaza residents’ water bills. They found that, on average, R60,256 was owed and the monthly charge was R440, with the highest being debt of R831,919 and a charge of R5,090 per month.
“[They feel that] when they start going there they start to become visible”, says Lusithi, “that’s when they start to get letters of demand”.
According to Limberg, between January 2017 and January 2018, 21,298 devices were installed as part of the “indigent leaks programme”. Since September, when the devices were first installed to curb excessive water use, 13,290 have been installed, she says.
But more than 20,000 “non-indigent” households are still consuming more than 20,000 litres of water per month, she says, a problem “which the City is addressing as quickly as possible”.
The installation of devices to curb excessive consumption “peaked at over 2,600 per week in 2017”. With new contractors, “capacity is expected to reach 3,500 installations per week,” Limberg says.
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Letters
Dear Editor
Thanks for the excellent article. Is the data behind the map you inserted available somewhere? [We don't have the raw data. - GroundUp Editor]
You highlight the way the policing of water consumption falls disproportionately on the poor, in the form of the installation of water management devices (WMDs). Anecdotal evidence suggests this is also true in the impact of the newly raised water charges, through a combination of fluctuating readings (often through "estimated readings"), high population density (the City of Cape Town works on 4 people per house, whereas many low income households are larger than this), perhaps lower awareness (of water usage and new water costs) and less ability to reduce demand (Jojo tanks are pricey!).
If you compare the article to the one at Eight20 (http://water.eighty20.co.za/) which is based on end-of-2017 figures, reduction in demand seems to correlate with average household income. It would take some number crunching to be sure though. As Prof Joelien Pretorius points out, the talk around water has had some hallmarks of an "elite panic" (https://theconversation.com/why-treating-water-scarcity-as-a-security-issue-is-a-bad-idea-90951) with securitisation discourse going hand in hand with a discourse focusing on water delinquency and criminality. This reframes largely middle / upper class "water warriors" as heroes fighting a crisis that "affects us all" (conveniently - for the wealthier classes' consciences - sidelining discussion of how inequitably water issues affect Cape Town residents).
Finally, water pressure management seems to have been applied first to lower income areas. Just going off media reports here. The impact has in some cases been de-facto lack of access to water for people living in low income high rises. Another topic that could do with further investigation.
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